One of the things that I have been pondering lately is what constitutes the truth . We hear various narratives through the media and on the Internet but often these are skewed. If you follow some of the political feeds the average punter tends to take a fairly self interested and jaundiced view of current events. This is a generalisation but even so it is far too often the case.
What I have been thinking about specifically is this, what is the truth that is not often reflected in some narratives. For instance what is the truth about the Treaty of Waitangi and what happened to Maori in colonial times. My view is that immigrants to New Zealand in the first part of the nineteenth century needed land and the Maori owned the land. This caused conflict and some bad things were done to obtain that land.
Initially snake oil salesmen traded everything from beads to guns with the various tribes to buy land from them. Maori did not realise what that they were actually permanently selling their land as they had no concept of that in their culture at the time. In 1840, Governor Grey and Henry Williams and Co., moved to attempt to protect Maori and formalise relations with them on behalf of the British Crown. This was done in part to keep France and Russia out of New Zealand by making her a British Colony. So it was not entirely just about protecting Maori.
At the same time (1840), the New Zealand Company under the leadership of George Whitfield began bringing immigrants to New Zealand from Britain and settling them on that had seemingly been purchased from Maori. This first happened in Tuamarina near Nelson in the South Island and the first boat loads of settlers were involved in a skirmish with Maori which ended with some dead settlers and some very disenchanted Maori who had no recollection of having sold any land to anyone.
Parliament was established in New Zealand in May 24 1854 which was based on the British Parliament’s New Zealand constitution act of 1852. In the early 1860’s the parliament passed three acts which created the environment for a land grab against Maori. These were the The Native Lands Act 1862 & 1863. This act disabled Maori communal land ownership and forced Maori lands into individualised legal titles and created the Maori Land Court which allowed individual Maori to sell land without the consent of Iwi or Hapu. Maori had said they had no desire to sell further land at this time.
The New Zealand Settlements Act 1863 which allowed the Crown to confiscate millions of acres of land on the basis of Maori tribes being said to be in rebellion against the Queen. The Public Works Act 1864 enabled the Colonial Government to compulsorily acquire land for public infrastructure projects like railways and roads.
On the positive side was the Maori Representation Act 1867 which enabled Maori men to vote and formed four Maori seats. Four seats was considerably under-representing the population of Maori in New Zealand at the time by comparison to immigrants in the country.
The New Zealand wars happened from 1845 to 1872 and involved a series of conflicts between the colonial government and Maori. Initially the battles were between dominant Maori and the Crown over disputes involving land and governance issues but by the 1860’s the Colonial Government brought 18 thousand British troops to assist in quashing Maori rebellion.
There were only 4 thousand Maori warriors but they managed to use sophisticated strategies, such as, the use of anti-artillery bunkers, fortified villages and guerilla style tactics. Thereby causing significant difficulty to the British Army and making the war a long an arduous process.
Lieutenant General Sir Duncan Cameron was in charge of the Army in New Zealand between 1863 and 1865. His refusal to attack fortified villages caused him to eventually resign. He fought the battle of Rangiriri in 1863 attacking fortified villages and winning at great cost and loss of life. Gate Pa and Te Ranga where Maori won the Battle of Gate Pa but Cameron’s troops won the next engagement at Te Ranga. His final battle was at South Taranaki and earned him the name the Lame Seagull. He was not happy with the war at this stage and considered it to be based on the unfair acquisition of land from Maori.
The result of Cameron’s campaigns was to see massive post war land confiscations and it was said the Cameron and Governor Grey’s actions changed the balance of power between Maori and Pakeha. This reversal of fortunes led to the cultural and social disenfranchisement of Maori and to the dispossession of of their ancestral lands and ultimately led to poverty, exposure to disease and the decline of their population to forty thousand by the mid 1890’s.
This is a brief description of what I know to be the truth of what happened in the Nineteenth century. The Treaty of Waitangi was put in place to protect Maori but also to enable what happened with the establishment of Pakeha rule and the land grab. The work of Henry Morris translating it signified the importance of his Christian faith to the process of establishing legal protection for Maori.
In recent times Maori Christians have commented on persecution of Christian Maori at Parihaka in the Taranaki and the fact that it is believed that virtually all Maori had converted to Christianity by 1860. That the Colonial Government had interpreted the Treaty in a creative manner and despite the fact that Maori had embraced Christianity they sought to marginalise them as a nation.
Once Maori understood that many of the British didn’t live the faith that they espoused and that their actions did not match their words. They began to fall away from Christianity and I can understand why they have not come back again.
Much has been done in the last fifty years to address what happened to Maori and there is much yet to be done in raising educational and living standards among wider Maori. However, there is a question about at what point do we embrace the future and put the past behind us.
The world we live in is now a very different place. We have 279 thousand people of Chinese ethnicity living in New Zealand and 292 thousand people of Indian ethnicity. There are 3.38 million people of broadly European ethnicity and 930 thousand Maori plus a further 170 thousand Maori living in Australia. There are 442 thousand people of Pacifika ethnicity. The total of all peoples living in New Zealand is 5.361 million.
China and India are both much stronger regional and global players than they have been in the past. This must impact on the profile of immigrants from those two nations. Maori are now 1 million strong when you include those resident in Australia. Pakeha are still a large, if often silent, majority at 3.38 million. Birth rates are quite low across the board at 1.53 per couple average.
Today New Zealand is a multicultural nation with a complicated regional political landscape including two emerging superpowers. We have a variety of different cultures participating in our society and although we have the Treaty of Waitangi and the obligation to Maori as a nation. I do not see how we can divide our country between Maori and everyone else or establish a co-governance structure where the majority fight over resources allowed them by a minority. It is hard to imagine Maori getting the Tino Rangitiratanga, Maori Sovereignty and Self Determination they desire through a democratic solution.
To conclude, Maori were treated poorly in the nineteenth century and in many ways since then as well. This is historical fact although it is also a fact that efforts have been made by the Crown to address this poor treatment and to honour the Treaty over the last fifty years. The situation of Maori in 2026 is much better than in the past and there is hope for their future. As a Pakeha my own hope is that the peoples of New Zealand can coexist together peacefully and prosperously collaborating harmoniously to the benefit of all New Zealanders including Maori.
Which brings us to scripture. In this case Acts 17: 26-27 "And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face
of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of
their dwelling place, that they should seek God, and perhaps feel their
way toward him and find him. Yet he is actually not far from each one of
us.." ESV





